ARMCHAIR QUARTERBACKS AND SCAPEGOATING AFTER "HOW MANY YEARS?"

AVITW

EVERY DAY IN HISTORY THERE ARE TRAGEDIES THAT OCCUR. SO LONG AS HUMANS REMAIN “IMPERFECT” THAT FACT WILL CONTINUE TO EXIST. THE QUESTION ARISES AS TO “WHAT COURSE OF ACTION IS APPROPRIATE FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY” IN RESPONSE TO THESE TRAGEDIES? AS OF TODAY, 11-11-11. “THE MEDIA” IS OVERRUN WITH “UNINVOLVED AND UNINFORMED INDIVIDUALS” PASSING JUDGMENT ON THOSE WHO BECAME “ENSNARED” IN THE TRAGEDY AT PENN STATE THROUGH NO FAULT OF THEIR OWN. 

THEY, THE “UNINVOLVED AND UNINFORMED”, LOUDLY “PROCLAIM” WHAT “SHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE”, IF NOT “WHAT THEY WOULD HAVE DONE UNDER SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES. AS WITH ALL “SECOND GUESSERS”, ONE WONDERS WHERE THE TRUTH LIES.  THESE “PONTIFICATORS”, BOTH PROFESSIONAL AND AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC, RAIL ABOUT THE “LACK OF ACTION” BY THESE INDIVIDUALS IN REPORTING THE DASTARDLY ACTS (ASSUMING THE RUMORS AND HEARSAY IS TRUE SINCE THE FACTS HAVE NOT YET BEEN ADJUDICATED IN A COURT OF LAW). SINCE IT IS OBVIOUS THAT “THESE CLAMORERS FOR ATTENTION” (AND REVENUE) WERE NOT PRESENT DURING THESE “ALLEGED ACTS” OR EVEN AWARE OF THE “ALLEGATIONS” PRIOR TO A FEW DAYS AGO), ONE TENDS TO “QUESTION THE CREDIBILITY OF THESE INDIVIDUALS WHO SAY THAT “OTHERS” HAD THE RESPONSIBILITY TO REPORT SUCH ALLEGATIONS TO “THE AUTHORITIES” AND/OR TAKE OTHER PUNITIVE OR PROTECTIVE ACTION RELATED TO THE “ALLEGED INCIDENTS”, TO USE THE “VERNACULAR” OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM WHICH IS SURE TO DESCEND LIKE VULTURES TO ACQUIRE HUGE SUMS OF MONEY FOR THEMSELVES UNDER THE GUISE OF “PROTECTING OR PROSECUTING” THE ACCUSED, BUT, I DIGRESS. 

LOST IN THE “RUSH TO JUDGMENT” AND NOW “OVER REACTIONS” TO SHOW THE “OUTRAGE” OF THE “POLITICOS” IN CHARGE OF THE SYSTEM IS THE “RELEVANT FACT” THAT “THE SYSTEM” UNDER WHICH THE “ENSNARED BYSTANDERS” OPERATE IS “FLAWED” BEYOND BELIEF. SHOULD THERE REMAIN A FEW “NAIVE INDIVIDUALS” THAT BELIEVE IN HONORABLE CONDUCT AND JUSTICE, THE “REALITY” IN THIS COUNTRY IS THAT “ALL SYSTEMS” ARE FLAWED, AS CAN BE ATTESTED TO BY NUMEROUS INDIVIDUALS WHO MAY HAVE BEEN AWARE OF ANY OF THE NUMEROUS UNETHICAL, IF NOT ILLEGAL, OCCURRENCES WITHIN EVERY CORPORATION AND AT EVERY LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT, WHO “FELT A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY TO “SPEAK OUT” AGAINST SUCH OUTRAGES.

THESE INDIVIDUALS, OPERATING UNDER THE “GENERIC TERM” OF “WHISTLE-BLOWERS” KNOW FULL WELL WHAT HAPPENS TO “ANY INDIVIDUAL” WHO DARES TO EXPOSE “THE EMPERORS NEW CLOTHES” FOR “OUTSIDERS” TO SEE. FOR EVERY ONE WHISTLE-BLOWER WHO “SUCCEEDS” IN RIGHTING A WRONG WITHIN, IT IS A GIVEN THAT ALL SYSTEMS ARE INVARIABLY STRUCTURED (RIGGED?) TO “PROTECT THE SYSTEM” AND THOSE WHO ARE IN POWER” AND TO DESTROY THOSE WHO THREATEN THEIR EXISTENCE. FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL WHO SUCCEEDS IN “RIGHTING A WRONG” WITHIN A SYSTEM, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THERE ARE “999” WHOSE LIVES ARE DESTROYED, PROFESSIONALLY AND PERSONALLY, BY THEIR DESIRE TO “DO THE RIGHT THING”.

WHILE WHISTLE-BLOWERS AND/OR INDIVIDUALS WORKING WITHIN THE SYSTEM TO TRY TO ACHIEVE JUSTICE ARE OFTEN ADMIRED BY OTHERS, THEY ARE VIEWED BY THE SYSTEM AS CANCER IS VIEWED BY A HEALTHY ORGANISM, I.E. A NUISANCE AKIN TO THE “THORN IN THE LIONS PAW” TO BE “REMOVED AND DISCARDED” SO THAT “THE SYSTEM” AND THE “POWER BROKERS” WILL SURVIVE AND PROSPER. EMPLOYEES LEARN EARLY ON THAT THEY ARE “SUBJECT” TO THE “CODE OF SILENCE” ABOUT ANY AND ALL OPERATIONS WITHIN THE SYSTEM THAT PAYS THEIR SALARY. THOSE WHO DON’T ABIDE BY THE “UNSPOKEN COERCION” ARE “CONSTRAINED” TO “MOVE ON INVOLUNTARILY” AND, IF THEY DON’T, THEY WILL BE FIRED OR RELEGATED TO OBSCURITY WHERE THEY CAN “DO NO HARM”, WHILE THEY ARE “HARASSED AND HUMILIATED” UNTIL THEY “BREAK” EMOTIONALLY, PHYSICALLY AND FINANCIALLY, AND TAKE “DRASTIC ACTION” WHICH CAN RANGE FROM COMMITTING MURDER TO COMMITTING SUICIDE DEPENDING ON THEIR VALUE SYSTEM AND THE SUPPORT, OR LACK THEREOF, FROM THEIR FAMILIES, FRIENDS AND ASSOCIATES.

FEW INDIVIDUALS ARE SO CONSTITUTED AS TO WITHSTAND THE PRESSURES TO CONFORM AND STILL MAINTAIN A PERSONAL SYSTEM OF VALUES THAT PROVIDES THE “INNER STRENGTH” TO “FIGHT CITY HALL”, WHEN THEY KNOW FULL WELL THAT THEY WILL BECOME NOTHING MORE THAN “SACRIFICIAL LAMBS” AND THAT “NOTHING WITHIN THE SYSTEM WILL CHANGE”.

ALTHOUGH THE AUTHOR “FEELS” THAT HE HAS HAD “MORE THAN HIS FAIR SHARE” OF “FUTILE ATTEMPTS” TO RIGHT SOME OF THE EGREGIOUS WRONGS WITHIN VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO ADMIT THAT HE ALSO “CHOSE” TO “ABSORB OTHER INJUSTICES”, NOT BECAUSE HE WAS NOT “OFFENDED” BY THE ACTIONS WITHIN THE SYSTEM, BUT, BECAUSE THE “COSTS” INVOLVED WERE BEYOND HIS ABILITY TO WITHSTAND, SHOULD HE “CONTINUE TO “SPEAK OUT” AGAINST THE “WRONGS” OF WHICH HE WAS AWARE. MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, THIS “FAILURE TO TAKE ACTION” WAS BASED ON ADVICE FROM FRIENDS; CO-WORKERS; LAWYERS AND FAMILY TO THE EFFECT THAT “YOU ARE ONLY ASKING FOR TROUBLE” AND, “IF YOU PURSUE YOUR COMPLAINTS, YOU WILL BECOME A MAN “MARKED” BY THE SYSTEM FOR “RETRIBUTION”. MOST PEOPLE RECOGNIZE THAT ANY EFFORTS TO “RIGHT SUCH WRONGS” ARE BASICALLY “FUTILE”, EXCEPT, OF COURSE, THOSE LIVING BY THE “MORAL PRINCIPLE” THAT “ALL THAT IS NECESSARY FOR EVIL TO SUCCEED IS FOR GOOD MEN TO DO NOTHING”. ONE MUST SERIOUSLY “QUESTION THE WISDOM” (AND PERIL) OF MAKING SUCH A DECISION AND FOLLOWING UP ON IT, REGARDLESS OF THE “PROVOCATION”.

ASIDE FROM THE “PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SACRIFICE” (USUALLY FOR NOTHING AS MENTIONED BEFORE), THERE IS THE “REAL DAMAGE” DONE TO THE INSTITUTION OR COMPANY/CORPORATION WHEN THEIR “DASTARDLY ACTS” ARE EXPOSED. RECENT HISTORY IS REPLETE WITH EXAMPLES OF INSTITUTIONS AND COMPANIES/CORPORATIONS WHO HAVE BEEN “SEVERELY” NEGATIVELY IMPACTED WHEN EMPLOYEE SAFETY IS ABRIDGED; WHEN DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS ARE UNLEASHED ON SOCIETY AND WHEN “ONE OR A FEW” BAD APPLES AT THE TOP, BREACH THE TRUST GIVEN TO THEM AND USE THEIR POSITIONS FOR PERSONAL GAIN OR CARNAL POWER. MORE RECENTLY, “UNELECTED BUREAUCRATS” HAVE USURPED THEIR POWER; PREVARICATED; OBFUSCATED; AND/OR “ARRANGED THE FACTS” TO SUIT THEIR PREDILECTIONS TO CARRY OUT A “PERSONAL AGENDA” REGARDLESS OF THE “COSTS” IN HUMAN SUFFERING AND SACRIFICE WITHIN THIS COUNTRY AND IN OTHER COUNTRIES. 

IT IS “IMPOSSIBLE” TO RANK THE HEINOUS CRIMES COMMITTED BY INDIVIDUALS (AND THE SYSTEMS UNDER WHICH THEY OPERATE), BUT, CERTAINLY, ABUSE OF THE “DEFENSELESS” (MOSTLY DEEMED TO BE THE ELDERLY AND THE YOUNG), RANKS NEAR THE TOP OF THE LIST, ALONG WITH THE “PRETEXTS CREATED” OVER THE LAST SIX DECADES TO JUSTIFY ARMED CONFLICT (WAR UNDER IT’S MANY PSEUDONYMS) AND CORRUPTION (ABUSE OF POWER) BY THOSE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT. 

ONE “ACCEPTS” THAT FINANCIAL MANIPULATORS, NEE “MONEY CHANGERS”, ALL LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT, THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND THOSE ENGAGED IN COMMERCE ARE BASICALLY “ENEMIES OF THE PEOPLE”, I.E. IT IS THEIR “NATURE” TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF EVERY INDIVIDUAL POSSIBLE, ALBEIT UNDER “VARIOUS PRETEXTS” OF PROVIDING SERVICES AND “CARING” ABOUT THEIR VICTIMS. STILL, “THE LATTER” UNETHICAL, IF NOT CRIMINAL, BEHAVIOR IS SELDOM ASSOCIATED WITH “LIFE AND DEATH” AS “THE FORMER” ARE WONT TO BE.

THERE ARE A “PLETHORA” OF MORAL GUIDELINES WITHIN EVERY CULTURE AND RELIGION ABOUT WHAT IS “ACCEPTABLE CONDUCT”, ONE OF THOSE BEING THE PROTECTION OF THE “DEFENSELESS” SEGMENT OF ANY GIVEN POPULATION. WHEN IT IS “CONVENIENT”, THIS GUIDELINE SERVES A USEFUL PURPOSE. WHEN IT IS “NOT CONVENIENT”, THE “DEFENSELESS” ARE TYPICALLY LEFT TO THEIR OWN DEVICES AND, IN THIS INSTANCE OF “MONDAY MORNING QUARTERBACKING”, ONE MIGHT REASONABLY ASK “WHY” THE VICTIMS AND THEIR FAMILIES DID NOT “NOTIFY THE AUTHORITIES” SINCE IS SEEMS THAT EVERY ONE OF THESE VICTIMS WERE AT LEAST AT THE “AGE OF REASON” AND THEIR FAMILIES WERE “AWARE” OF THE ABUSE, BUT CHOSE TO “ABSORB IT” RATHER THAN “FACE THE CONSEQUENCES” OF STANDING AGAINST THE INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED, INCLUDING THE UNIVERSITY; THE LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM; THE LEGAL SYSTEM; AND A SOCIETY THAT GENERALLY HAS A “PROCLIVITY” FOR CASTIGATING (OSTRACIZING) “VICTIMS” OF SEXUAL ABUSE, RATHER THAN DEAL APPROPRIATELY WITH THE “PERPETRATORS”. OF COURSE, IN OUR “MODERN SOCIETY”, THE TERM “SEXUAL ABUSE” ALONE CONJURES UP A “SLIPPERY SLOPE” OF “CRIMINAL ACTIVITY”, FROM AN INADVERTENT COMMENT TAKEN “OUT OF CONTEXT” BY A “HYPERSENSITIVE MALCONTENT” AS AN “EXCUSE” TO EXTRACT TRIBUTE, TO THE RAPE AND MURDER OF INNOCENT INDIVIDUALS. 

TO ASK OR “EXPECT” THE SYSTEM INVOLVED TO “FUNCTION AGAINST ITS OWN “BEST INTERESTS” STRETCHES ONES CREDULITY. GIVEN THE “PRECEDENTS” EXISTING, FROM THE “EGREGIOUS ACTIONS” OF VARIOUS RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS TO INSTANCES WITHIN THE MILITARY AND THE “HIGHEST REACHES OF GOVERNMENT” AND EVEN EXISTS WITHIN THE WELL PUBLICIZED MISCONDUCT OF PEOPLE WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS PURPORTEDLY OPERATING FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE ELDERLY AND THE YOUNG, IT IS “NOT TOTALLY UNEXPECTED” THAT THE “RULERS” OF THE NOW INFAMOUS UNIVERSITY SYSTEM WOULD “SIT ON” SUCH INFORMATION FOR WHAT APPEARS TO BE MORE THAN A DECADE.

WHEN ONE IS “FACED” WITH “COMPETING VALUES”, I.E. THE “BEST INTERESTS OF THE SYSTEM” VERSUS THE “RIGHTS OF AN INDIVIDUAL”, ONE OFTEN “PASSES THE BUCK” TO THE SUPERIOR DESIGNATED TO TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION. SHOULD “THAT PERSON” FAIL TO MAKE THE “CORRECT DECISION” (TO BE DETERMINED IN HINDSIGHT, OF COURSE) AND FAIL TO TAKE THE APPROPRIATE ACTION, (AGAIN DETERMINED BY 20/20 HINDSIGHT) THE “ENTIRE ORGANIZATION” IS “PURGED TOO LATE” BY THE “SELF-RIGHTEOUS” KNOW NOTHINGS THAT GENERALLY INHABIT THE UPPER REACHES OF EVERY SYSTEM. THAT THIS IS DONE IS SUGGESTED TO BE MOSTLY “GRANDSTANDING” BASED ON THE DESIRE TO “PROTECT THEMSELVES” AND “THE SYSTEM”, NOT FROM ANY “ALTRUISTIC MOTIVE” LIKE PUNISHING THE GUILTY PARTY (THE ONE(S) WHO PERPETRATED THE CRIME). SADLY, THIS “MODUS OPERANDI” ENSURES THAT BASICALLY “GOOD PEOPLE” CAUGHT UP IN A “BAD SITUATION” WILL PAY THE “ULTIMATE PRICE” FOR THE “BAD DECISIONS” OF OTHERS.

ANOTHER “MORAL PRECEPT” THAT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED IS “JUDGE NOT, LEST YE BE JUDGED” AND “TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR YOUR OWN ACTIONS. TO MY KNOWLEDGE, JUDGING FROM A LIFETIME OF DEDICATION TO TEACHING YOUNG MEN BY MR. PATERNO, HE HAS AN “EXEMPLARY RECORD” OF UPHOLDING THE VALUES OF A SOCIETY THAT, AT LEAST, PAYS LIP SERVICE TO THE IDEALS OF HARD WORK; INTEGRITY; CONFORMING TO THE NORMS OF SOCIETY, ET. AL. MR. PATERNO, WAS I BELIEVE, EMPLOYED AS A FOOTBALL COACH, NOT AN INQUISITOR AND ADMINISTRATOR OF “VIGILANTE JUSTICE”, SEEMS TO STAND “CONDEMNED” BECAUSE HE “ONLY” DID WHAT ‘THE SYSTEM” PRESCRIBED, NOT FOR ANY OTHER ACTION OF WHICH I AM AWARE.

WHERE IS THE “MORAL OUTRAGE” THAT THE PRINCIPLE WHICH HOLDS THAT A “PERSON IS INNOCENT UNTIL PROVED GUILTY” HAS BEEN ARBITRARILY VIOLATED? DESPITE HIS CONSIDERABLE STATURE WITHIN THE SYSTEM AND WITHIN SOCIETY, HE NOW HAS BEEN “SACRIFICED” ON THE “ALTAR” OF PROTECTING THE SYSTEM BY THOSE WHO WISH TO “ABSOLVE THEMSELVES” OF ANY RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR “LEADERSHIP BY IGNORANCE”. THIS ALSO “SEEMS” TO BE THE CASE WITH THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY, WHO, ONLY BY CHANCE, HAPPENED TO BE IN THAT POSITION WHEN ONE OF THE EMPLOYEES “RAN AMOK”, AS IT WERE. AT THIS POINT, IT IS “PATENTLY UNCLEAR” WHO KNEW WHAT AND WHEN DID THEY KNOW IT?

MR. PATERNO (CORRECTLY, I BELIEVE), STATED THAT “HE WISHED HE HAD DONE MORE”. STILL, ONE DOUBTS THAT ANY AMONG US HAS “THE RIGHT” TO “CAST THE FIRST STONE”. LIFE IS A “PROCESS” OF LEARNING AND, IT IS SAID THAT “THAT WHICH DOES NOT KILL US, MAKES US STRONGER”. THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT IN MY MIND THAT MR. PATERNO BEARS “NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR WHAT HAPPENED AND, DID WHAT HE “THOUGHT” WAS THE “CORRECT THING TO DO” UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES. TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT HE “MIGHT HAVE DONE MORE” IS, TO ME, THE TRUE MEASURE OF AN “HONORABLE MAN”, WHO, “IN HINDSIGHT” UNDERSTANDS THAT HE “COULD HAVE DONE MORE”, EVEN THOUGH IT WAS “NOT” HIS RESPONSIBILITY. ONE WISHES, IN VAIN, THAT “THE LEADERS” OF THIS COUNTRY MIGHT “ASPIRE” TO THIS LEVEL OF “MORAL RESPONSIBILITY”.

HAVING TAKEN ON “MORE THAN MY SHARE” OF RESPONSIBILITY MANY TIMES IN MY LIFE AND, HAVING PAID THE PRICE FOR SUCH “EXERCISES IN FUTILITY” (VALOR?), I MUST RESPECT “HIS DECISION” AND WOULD SUGGEST THAT A GRAVE INJUSTICE HAS BEEN DONE TO ONE (OR BOTH) OF THE INDIVIDUALS TERMINATED BY THE APPARENTLY “SIGHTLESS BOARD OF DIRECTORS”. UNTIL ONE HAS BEEN PLACED IN A SIMILAR SITUATION, ONE CANNOT KNOW WHAT HE OR SHE IS CAPABLE OF DOING IN MAKING JUDGMENTS AND/OR TAKING ACTIONS “BEYOND THE RESPONSIBILITY” PRESCRIBED BY “THE SYSTEM”. ALTHOUGH THERE IS NO DOUBT IN MY MIND THAT THE “OBSERVER” OF SEXUAL ABUSE HAD A “HUMANITARIAN (MORAL) RESPONSIBILITY” TO INTERVENE, APPARENTLY HE “CONCLUDED OTHERWISE”. WHILE NOT CONDONING THIS DECISION (JUDGE NOT?), HISTORY AGAIN TEACHES US THAT “MANY” CHOSE TO “PASS ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE ROAD” RATHER THAN GET “SUCKED INTO THE MAELSTROM OF LEGAL “SHENANIGANS” THAT ENSUE WHEN A “GOOD SAMARITAN” VOLUNTARILY RUSHES IN TO “ASSIST” ANOTHER HUMAN BEING.

IT IS FOR SUCH DECISIONS AND ACTIONS THAT “MEDALS OF HONOR” ARE AWARDED TO “THE FEW”, NOT TO THE NORMAL OR RESPONSIBLE OR DECENT INDIVIDUALS WHO INHABIT THE WORLD AND FUNCTION QUITE WELL UNDER ORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES. ONE “VALUES” THE MANY GOOD PEOPLE OF THE WORLD, BUT, ENCOUNTERS FEW, IF ANY, OF THE “TRUE HEROES”, I.E. THOSE WHO, IN TIMES OF DIRE CIRCUMSTANCES AND AT GREAT RISK TO THEMSELVES, INTERVENE IN THE “COURSE OF HISTORY”. THAT IS WHY THEY ARE CALLED “HEROES”. NOT BEING A “HERO” (TAKING ACTION BEYOND THAT EXPECTED OF A NORMAL PERSON) DOES NOT SEEM TO JUSTIFY THE “DESTRUCTION” OF A “GOOD MAN’S LIFE (OR HIS REPUTATION, AT LEAST). FORTUNATELY, THE “GOOD” HE HAS DONE CANNOT BE TAKEN AWAY FROM HIM. 

AS ALWAYS, “JUSTICE” REMAINS AN ELUSIVE CONCEPT AND “INJUSTICE” SEEMS TO BE THE “ORDER OF THE DAY” WHEN “SYSTEMS” SEEK TO “PERPETUATE THEIR EXISTENCE AND “PROTECT” THE POWERFUL WHO “SIT IN IGNORANCE” IN THEIR LOFTY BOARDROOMS AND “PASS JUDGMENT” ON OTHERS (SCAPEGOAT?) IN ORDER TO “APPEAR” TO HAVE TAKEN THE “HIGH GROUND” AND “DISTANCE THEMSELVES” FROM “THE FALLOUT” THAT IS SURE TO FOLLOW. THE “TRUTH” IS THAT “THEY” ARE THE ONES “ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE” FOR THE “EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENS” AT THE UNIVERSITY, NOT A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYED TO “COACH FOOTBALL” OR OTHERS WHO FILL ANY OF THE OTHER “LOWLY POSITIONS” WITHIN “THE SYSTEM. HENCE THE “DEARTH” OF WHISTLE-BLOWERS (UNSUNG HEROES) FOR OUR YOUNG PEOPLE TO EMULATE. 

REMEMBER, “SURVIVAL” NOW TRUMPS “GETTING INVOLVED” AND, UNTIL THOSE WHO ARE WILLING TO “GET INVOLVED” IN RIGHTING THE WRONGS WITHIN “THE SYSTEMS” ARE “VENERATED”, OR, AT LEAST “RESPECTED AND PROTECTED”, THE “SYSTEMS” THAT OPPRESS ALL OF US HAVE LITTLE TO FEAR. FROM THE INITIAL ACTS TO THE PRESENT “CHARADE”, IT IS ANOTHER “SORDID CHAPTER” IN HISTORY FOR EVERYONE INVOLVED, VOLUNTARILY OR INVOLUNTARILY, WITH “MOST” OF THE ATTENTION FOCUSED ON “INDIVIDUALS AND CIRCUMSTANCES” OTHER THAN THE WELFARE OF THE VICTIMS.

ENJOY, TOM

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